To offer a highly simplified explanation, when you compile your program back to machine code, the computer translates these functions into routines (and subroutines although these terms are somewhat interchangeable). When we program our Arduino, we often have functions. Let us also take a quick look at stack vs heap in some programming languages like C++ and Java. Memory Allocation: The Stack Versus the Heap Objects created within methods are called local variables, as we discussed earlier. Memory is allocated before the program is executed, generally at the compile time and the data structure used is called stack. And it comes down to the basics of how computers work. It’s all well and good to have a data structure like this, but why? There’s a good reason why every uses a stack data structure at runtime execution. Conversely, when removing data from the stack it is popped. Even though we don’t use this terminology in abstract programming languages like C/C++, the assembly instructions and the actual machine code instructions for the CPU use this terminology. Whenever an object is created, its always. This the correct terminology for placing data onto the stack. Heap memory is used by all the parts of the application whereas stack memory is used only by one thread of execution. Notice that we used the terminology pushed. Most computer architectures has the stack starting at the end of RAM, stacking data backward from there. Variables (that are not primitive values) in the stack point to functions, arrays, and objects in the heap As elements. Now to cover the inaccuracies of the analogy – It’s upside own. The first block of data sits on the ground, in the example below – an int, followed by a char pointer then a struct. Thinking of the stack like a tower of data is useful. Then once you’ve covered the basics, we’ll explain the nuances after to correct any inaccuracies. But we’re going to teach it to you because it makes it easy to understand. Let’s get one thing out of the way first, this analogy will be partially incorrect. The stack is a data structure, and you can visualize this a bit like a tower. Before we show you some code demonstrating stack and heap memory, let’s explain the stack and heap. Because Arduino is based on C/C++, you can store variables on the stack and on the heap the same syntactic way. Memory allocated in the heap is often referred to as dynamic memory allocation. If you’re here, you’re probably looking for some clarification between these two types of memories.
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